Aphids, Ladybugs and Integrated Pest Management
Apr 6th, 2011 by kcoghill
Summarize the main points and describe the environmental issues that are raised in the articles. Do you support the use of IPM to control aphids as presented? Explain your answer using specific examples from the articles. http://www.nysipm.cornell.edu/publications/ladybird/default.asp
http://www.entomology.cornell.edu/cals/entomology/extension/idl/upload/Multicolored-Asian-Lady-Beetle.pdf http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2011/04/110401111358.htm
In Ladybug, Ladybug, Fly Away from My Home Harmonia axyridis (Pallas) is described as harmless. “Homeowners should not worry,” said Janet J. Knodel, entomologist with the NYS IPM Program at the Agricultural Experiment Station. “They may be here in record numbers, but multicolored Asian lady beetles don’t sting, carry human disease or eat wood, clothing, food or houseplants.” However, I understand the annoyance of this insect and its’ invasion. Although there is annoyance towards Halloween lady beetle there is no harm to their existents. Halloween lady beetle originated from New York in Chemung County in 1994. Their purpose was to serve as a biological control agent but the lady beetle end up spreading swiftly throughout New England. Halloween lady beetles are adult beetles that can eat up to 90 to 270 aphids per day. Halloween lady beetles in this article are represented as a harmless invasive species. In my opinion this situation of integrated pest management is useful and I support its existents. Halloween lady beetles are proven to be effective in controlling specific insects and are harmless to humans. Being annoyed of the beetle because they are in your house isn’t a good enough reason to dislike the whole idea of the beetle. The idea of the beetle helps farms use a better method versus using harmful pesticides.
http://www.whatisipm.org/
The website listed above gave me a good introduction to what Integrated Pest Management is. IPM involves three process involving inspection, identification and treatment. However this process also includes common sense and sound solutions for treating and managing pests. Treatments often consist of sealing cracks and/or removing food and water sources to pesticide treatments. This website had also gone into detail about IPM in schools. IPM in schools and businesses entail pest proofing and finding an IPM practitioner.
The multi-colored asian lady beetle was brought to America intentionally for pest control. They eat 90 to 270 aphids a day which helps out American crops such as Christmas trees, apple, alfalfa, wheat, cotton, tobacco, and small grains. But the species is invasive to peoples homes. They collect in corners of the walls and even inside the walls. They can collect from hundreds to thousands. It is suggested to just sweep them up with a broom and put them outside and fill the cracks where they can enter the house. They like white houses in the middle of fields because of the large pale rocks they usually live in in Asia.
Even though the lady bugs are a pest in the house, they actually seem to be a helpful decision in controlling the aphids which are destructive to our crops. The lady bugs are a better way of pest control than killing the aphids with pesticides which are contaminating our water.
The Halloween lady beetle or more formally known as the H. axyridis gets its name for its vibrant colors. It is originally from and originated from eastern Asia. It was first introduced to North America at in order to biologically control aphid populations in wide and open areas of land. Ever since the around 1990 its populations have increased dramatically in the northeast of the U.S. The beetles come into houses/large buildings and are very hard to spot initially when they first arrive. They are especially prevalent on warm/sunny days. They cover everywhere including the walls, floors, ceilings, all rooms, etc. Although these beetle populations can be large and annoying, they are not that big of an issue because they don’t cause any real problems to humans. They also don’t eat any household items. It has been deemed as cruel and unnecessary to use insecticide on the beetles. There population is supposed to decrease and balance out when their prey decreases and some of the beetles die out as a result of that. The use of IPM to control populations of aphids was 100% a great idea and very successful as seen from the results. It effectively controlled/decreased the aphid populations without using insecticides. Insecticides were not needed because these beetles pose no harmful effects to humans.
http://sorghumipm.tamu.edu/ipmcul.htm
This website talks about alternate options/methods of Integrated Pest Management (IPM) that can be used. For example, it is important to take all ideas into consideration before making a decision on which one is the best to use in this specific given situation. Of course it is always best to try and use the method with the least harm to the environment but unfortunately that cannot always be the case. Sometimes you have to compromise to get rid of or limit the organism faster, depending on how harmful it is.
This article is about the Halloween Lady beetle which came from Eastern Asia that has been brought into the United States to be used as a form of insect control. There were insects such as aphids, scales, and psyllids that were causing issues and the Lady beetle (Harmonia axyridis) would take care of them. It was found that an adult beetle can eat 90 to 270 aphids per day while each larva can take in 600 to 1,200 aphids. The Lady beetle seemed to do its job very well with controlling other insect’s population sizes but they are now becoming the issue. The lady beetle now is growing out of control and can be found alongside a bunch of other lady beetles. They only grow about 1/4 inch long and 3/16 inch wide but they can be seen congregating by the hundreds on doors, windows, ceilings, and especially outside. While their numbers are growing humans do not have to be concerned for their safety because the lady beetle do not carry human diseases, sting, or eat away at wood/food.
I personally feel that in this case the use of integrated pest management worked and did the job it was set out to do. The lady beetle showed that it could control the insects that were becoming an issue and they also did not do any harm to humans. The only negative thing that humans seemed to get out of it was they found the lady beetle to be annoying due to the amount of them. It seems more environmental friendly to have other insects control other insects than have the use of chemicals exposed to the air and the food we inhale every day.
This website http://www.epa.gov/opp00001/factsheets/ipm.htm talks all about the different methods of integrated pest management and really does a great job informing people on what it is and how it works.
The Asian ladybug is a perfect example of an invasive species. It was put in the US in order to control alphids, and since its population has grown exponentially. These ladybugs have no competitors, so their population grows rapidly in very little time. These bugs can become present in households in large quantities, becoming an annoying problem for homeowners in the US. Luckily, the ladybugs aren’t causing any real harm to humans, so there is no rush to get them out of houses.
I support the integrated pest management used in this scenario because it didn’t cause any harm to humans or any other organisms. Because the ladybugs aren’t actually harming humans, it would be pointless to use toxic chemicals to get rid of them. Homeowners simply need to make sure that their homes are sealed at the times when the ladybugs are likely to come into their house in large numbers.
http://www.whatisipm.org/whatIs_techniques.asp
This website talks about the different methods of IPM that can be used. It is important to consider all methods when dealing with an issue because most of the time a solution is available that doesn’t cause harm to the environment.
The Harmonia axyridid, a lady bug species native to Asia, is an invasive species that has become more and more prevalent in households across the United States and North America. The species was originally introduced into America in New York as a form of insect control, as the lady bugs typically eat 90-120 aphids per day. The bugs turned out to do their job in insect control, while remaining harmless to humans by not stinging, biting, or carrying infectious diseases. Despite their effectiveness as insect controllers, people have found them to be quite an annoyance around their house, and their growing population and tendency to stay around windowsills have left homeowners looking for ways to get rid of them.
In my opinion, this case of integrated pest management proved to be very useful and I support it in this case. They proved to be effective in controlling the insects, while remaining harmless to humans. I believe that the fact that they can get a little annoying to have around the house is a small price to pay for a good alternative to chemicals and other insecticides that farmers might be using instead.
http://www.needhamma.gov/index.aspx?nid=240
This integrated pest management policy is from the Town of Needham, Massachusetts. This town is very pro-IPM, saying “Employing an IPM policy allows the Town to accrue the financial benefits…while reducing the use of pesticides that pose a health risk to people directly through breathing, drinking, ingesting or skin absorption of toxic products or via delayed exposures from contaminated soil, food, air, water utensils, and toys.” The town continues by saying it hopes to be implemented in schools and supported by teachers, parents, administration, and basically anyone else in the schools.
Harmonia axyridis is an exotic species of lady bug from Asia that is invading the United States. While they are not particularly harmful to humans, they can eat up to 270 aphids (insects beneficial to plant growth) per day. On warm days, huge numbers can appear in houses, on windows and doors. Homeowners are suggested to seal all openings and windows to their houses. The ladybug was first introduced in the early 1900s as a biological control for aphids. It is suggested that insecticides are not used to control them, rather that they are gently replaced outside if found indoors.
I support the integrated pest management used in this scenario. While the presence of Harmonia axyridis in the home is a nuisance, it is much more desirable than using toxic pesticides. If homes are sealed properly, the effect of the bug can be minimized. The population of Harmonia axyridis is projected to drop in the coming years.
http://ipm.osu.edu/ This site is dedicated to the Ohio state integrated pest management program. It has information on pests and IPM practices in the state of Ohio and receives grants for its work.
The Halloween lady beetle, or H. axyridis, named for its bright colors, is a native organism of eastern Asia. This beetle was originally introduced to North America at various times in the 20th century in order to biologically control aphid populations in agricultural areas, but since the early nineties, its populations have increased rapidly in the north eastern regions of the U.S. These beetles have a tendency of invading home and buildings in large masses, covering walls, floors, and ceilings, especially in warm areas and on sunny days. While these massive beetle populations can be an annoyance to homeowners, their presence is harmless and they do not eat any household materials, and it is noted not to use insecticide to rid of this beetle. Their population is predicted to level out when there is a balance between the population of it and its prey. Their natural food source comprises of aphids, scales, and psyllids, and because these beetles are not dangerous to humans, the use of IPM to control populations of aphids was completely appropriate. It successfully controlled aphid populations, and while it has had an influx in population, it will soon level out.
http://www.ecy.wa.gov/programs/swfa/upest/fact_sheets/Vancouverpolicy1.pdf
This document describes the policy for Integrated Pest Control in Vancouver’s school systems. It discusses minimum use of pesticide to protect students from exposure and that they should be used at last resort. It discusses proper soil management in order to promote micro-organisms that would rid of unwanted vegetation.
The spotted lady beetle, despite its annoyance, proves nothing more than a nuisance and actually has some general human and ecosystem benefits. The lady beetle (Pallas), first found in New York but carried over from Asia, is recognized as greatly controlling the larvae and aphid populations. However, while helping manage the aphid and larvae population, these lady beetles pose a problem in their own. These lady beetles take over the site that they inhibit, and their population booms. So while you have these beetles controlling the aphid populations, you have another problem with the beetle population all together. It is not recommended that insecticide is used on these beetles, rather, experts suggest sealing off all cracks and holes that would allow the beetle to enter one’s household. Experts also predict that the out of control beetle population should stabilize once its prey decrease.
I think the use of IPM was acceptable in this case because the lady beetle didn’t pose any true harm to the humans or have any negative impact on the general welfare of the ecosystem that it encroached upon. The beetle did its job with reducing the otherwise harmful pests, so overall it was successful.
http://www.ipm.ucdavis.edu/GENERAL/whatisipm.html
This article deal with the facts about IPM and discusses the four to five different types of management there are out there. This site provides unbias information on all the available IPMs available and lets you infer the environmental pros/ cons of a particular method. Like chemical control is killing with pesticides, but then we get into all the complications of pesticides and their effect on the environment.
The Multicolored Asian Lady Beetle is a type of bug that, despite being an invasive species, was purposly introduced here in the united states from asia as a way to help battle the populations of other harmful pests. Unfortunatly, the problem with this case of integrated pest management, the introduced species became a large bother to many local people. The pests were found to be quite annoying, though they do not actually eat the wood or material itself, they do release a substance when alarmed. Scientists also do not recomend using incepticides as a method of combating the beetles, as the risk may in fact not be worth the reward.
In this case i do believe that integrated pest management is a correct choice to use, as the fallout from the introduction of this species does not actually cause any true damage other than just being an annoyance.
This department of Cornell (http://www.nysipm.cornell.edu/)
has this program in order to better understand the impact of the process of IPM. They study the effects of IPM in order to better see what the negative side of it is compared to how much good it does. They use there state of the art agricultural research lab in order to preform their research and recieve both private and government grant from people who are also interested in possibly using IPM for agriculture and dealing with invasive species in the future.
The Halloween lady beetle has thrived in the New York state region ever since its introduction. The population has grown in increasing numbers and is becoming hard to contain. The lady beetle was introduced as a form of pest control – their duty was to manage the aphids population. However, the beetle itself has now become the pest. It has spread across America and thrives in all of Americas regions – from coast to coast, from north to south. Their prey is endless, and thus, they thrive. “Its large, even explosive population is probably caused by the massive abundance of prey (predominantly aphids and scales),” quotes a source at Cornell University. The beetle cannot be removed by insecticides, and precautionary action must be taken to avoid infestations (windows and doors shut and sealed). The cost-benefit analysis of pesticides and the beetle do not make the pesticides worth spraying.
I agree with the natural course scientists are trying to take to counter pests through IPM, but invasive species also have a large and detrimental impact on the environment. There must be a better solution to mitigate naturally occurring pests such as aphids.
In an article done by UConn, the bothersome nature of the beetles is discussed and so are preventionary measures -”In late summer and early fall, the beetle can enter buildings through cracks and crevices. A homeowner can exclude the lady beetles by screening (20 mesh maximum) windows, doors and exhaust vents. Weatherstripping or caulking can be applied to cracks and openings outside the house. These methods are the best lines of defense.” (http://www.hort.uconn.edu/ipm/homegrnd/htms/56albug.htm). Why did we not just prevent the naturally occuring alphids in the first place?
The first article regards the Halloween lady beetle. Coinciding with the start of fall, the Halloween lady beetle invaded New York state. It is a small beetle that ranges in color from yellow to orange, and may or may not have black dots. They come in large numbers and are therefore a nuisance to homeowners, but they do not sting or eat wood or housing materials.
They were introduced to New York for pest management of aphids- they can eat up to 270 aphids per day! They were brought from Asia and have now spread to almost the entire country, including both coasts and the South. Scientists believe the beetle’s large numbers are caused by the amount of prey they have, but should stabalize as the amount of aphids decrease and they reach their carrying capacity. Also, other animals may being predation on the animals which would further control the population.
Insecticides are not recommended for their removal, and instead homeowners should keep windows and doors sealed. If they do enter the house, they should be swept out with a broom, and not frightened or they discharge an odor that also stains walls and furniture.
The next article is also about the Halloween lady beetle, but it is referred to as the multicolored Asian lady beetle. It explains their life cycle and habits in greater detail than the first article. It takes 36 days to fully mature into adulthood, and likes copperbeech or honeysuckle as its habitat.
Farmers advocate for the beetle because it preys on soft-bodied insects that ruin orchards and ornamental trees. They agree with the first article that the explosive population is caused by the extensive amounts of prey, and that the beetle will decline when the pest problem is resolved. It also reduces the amount of pesticides farmers have to spray, which are arguably more harmful to the environment than the beetles are.
The article I found (http://www.nytimes.com/1994/01/13/garden/new-ways-or-old-pest-control-s-tough.html?pagewanted=all&src=pm) presents integrated pest management in a slightly different way. It promotes IPM because of the toxic chemical risks of pesticides, and because many pests have become resistant to these chemicals. Instead of bringing new insects in to prey on the pests, it suggests modifying schools and homes to keep pests out. It calls on homeowners to fix leaks, close any open drains, vacuum frequently and inspect grocery bags for insects. Firewood should be stored on raised surfaces, and tree limbs should be cut away from buildings. The negative side to IPM that the article points out is that it is a long-term solution, not a quick fix like spraying pesticides. However, the environmental benefits do outweigh the time lag.
The Harmonia axyridis or Halloween lady beetle, originally found in eastern Asia, have recently been introduced to the United States as biocontrol. Although they do not pose any threats to humans, they are rapidly become a nuisance to homeowners. The pests eat many types of soft-bodied insects such as scales, aphids, and psyllids, helping humans out with pest control on farms. The beetles tend to invade houses and buildings in the fall months and come out in the warm, sunny months. The beetles bunch together by hundreds on windows, walls and doors. I believe within this situation, IPM use was successful in controlling the aphids present.
http://pep.wsu.edu/factsheet/methods.html
This article focuses on the many methods of IPM. Each situation differs on which method to use, if any. Not every issue is worth harming the environment or human health.
The first article which is written by Linda McCandless, Communication Services, NYSAES, Cornell University is an overall description of the Halloween lady beetle or Harmonia axyridis. The article describes the current situation of the beetle, the locations it is found, ways it can be considered a pest and techniques to eliminate the pest-like qualities of the insect. The beetle has become a nuisance by “invading houses and buildings in large numbers in the fall, and appearing again on warm, sunny days in February and March.” Although the species has bad tendencies it can be beneficial to agriculture. The way this particular beetle can be beneficial to agriculture is because the H. Axyridis preys on “many species of injurious soft-bodied insects such as aphids, scales, and psyllids, and is considered beneficial to growers and agriculturists.” Originally from regions of Asia the lady beetle was first introduced to Chemung County of New York as a biological control agent to manage the previously stated agricultural pests. Although much good has been done by the lady beetle, it has become a pest towards home owners by invading houses and sometimes discharging a yellow liquid of bad odor. Some scientists believe that using insecticides is not the best approach to dealing with the problem, they believe that simply closing entrances to the residence by sealing off holes in siding and pipes around the house can stop beetles from intruding.
I support the IPM technique presented in these articles because is doesn’t use any chemicals which is good to start with. Whenever chemicals are introduced there are usually problems in the long run. I agree with the usage of the beetle in and agricultural environment that is relatively far away from suburban and city areas. If the beetles are used for agriculture in the country where there isn’t a great quantity of suburban and city like areas then the beetle would be doing only good. If a relatively small farm is located close to a suburban area with many homes in a densely populated area I do not think that the beetle should be used to control pests because in the process the beetle itself becomes a best. I would say that the best way to go about dealing with aphids, scales, psyllids etc. is to organize farms which are far away from cities and suburbs, this way no chemicals have to be used and homes will not become victim of the Halloween lady beetle on a large scale.
http://westernfarmpress.com/vegetables/arizona-veg-ipm-update-spring-melons-powdery-mildew-crop-botanical-classification
Piece from Article:
It’s the time of the year to start thinking about managing whitefly nymphs on spring melons. It seems within the last week whitefly adults have become increasingly abundant on melons of all sizes.
As temperatures continue to increase, feeding damage from whitefly nymphs in the next several weeks should be a concern on all melon types.
Honeydew and sooty mold contamination on fruit of cantaloupes, mixed melons, and watermelons can significantly reduce quality and marketability.
Although whitefly numbers have been low up to now, pest control advisers should not be complacent in their monitoring and sampling. With the warmer weather, numbers are likely to increase rapidly in the next few weeks.
This threshold applies for the insect growth regulators Courier, Knack, and Oberon; the neonicotinoids including Assail and Venom; and synergized pyrethroids.
Pros Cons
Greater Yield (If applied at proper time) Less Yield (If applied at improper time)
Higher Quality (If applied at proper time) Lower Quality (If applied at improper time)
The Halloween lady beetle is rapidly growing in population. These lady beetles do not pose any threat to the human population, but they are slowly becoming a major nuisance. The first of these beetles was found in New York and was introduced as a biological control agent but spread out of control. It consumes aphids each day as do its larva. They are infesting trees and plants and have slowly begun to encompass Asia. The beetle has moved from the South all the way to east of the Mississippi river and in the West Coast. To control these pests has become an issue; scientists do not recommend the use of insecticides so the best form of prevention is to eliminate the entrance of these bugs into household’s altogether. These require cracks and openings to be sealed. Scientists believe that this large population will only begin to decrease when it is interrupted in the food chain. If their prey falls in number, the beetles will fall in number. It preys on aphids like the Halloween beetle, benefitting agriculturalists. But this benefit is becoming less prevalent than its overwhelming infestations. Even though the beetles do not harm humans by stinging or carrying diseases, they can bite and bother us. The rapid increase in population of this beetle is also a phenomenon in itself. Environmentalist Richard Hall studied how the increase occurred. He discovered that the beetle can tolerate many different conditions, and has a unique characteristic of hunting its own competition: other beetles. It invaded an open niche with virtually no competitors, and therefore there was no check on its population increase. I think with these beetles using integrated pest management proved a good solution. The H. acyridis has a population that needs to be put in check, and naturally this isn’t happening. It seems that merely closing up cracks and holes would be hard to pull off and less likely to be successful. I’m sure thought that if we were to look into the environmental effects of the IPM we may want to look into alternative methods.
http://www.fs.fed.us/r8/foresthealth/publications/clarke/review_of_the_operational_ipm_program_spb.pdf
This article discusses how there are many different forms of IPM use. There is not one way to employ this method of population control and therefore the method that will have the smallest impact on the environment needs to be used.
Halloween beetles are becoming a huge problem for property owners in New York as they invade their homes and businesses. This was a bigger issue throughout fall of 2011, but as the weather has begun to warm up, the beetles have returned. This organism, first found in New York State in 1994, is a native of Asia and made its way into North America in the early/mid 1900s. Their presence has been particularly noteworthy in central New York, where they gather in groups of hundreds on walls, doors, ceilings and windows as the warm weather approaches. They have been so successful in this area because they have very little competition; as an invasive species, they do not have any natural predators in this habitat and therefore do not have much to worry about. The beetle earned its name because of its pumpkin orange color and its presence is especially noted around the time of Halloween. The best way to prevent the beetles from entering the house is to seal all cracks and openings around windows and doors. If they still manage to enter the house, they can be disposed of peacefully with a broom and dustpan. Because they are relatively harmless, it is best to handle them in this manner.
In this situation, I think that IPM is not a good solution to the problem. While these beetles are obviously an annoyance to the people whose homes they enter, they are not really causing any harm and therefore should not be killed off with insecticides. This idea is supported in this article: http://www.ipm.msu.edu/beetlefaq.htm#15
The science department at Michigan State University agree that this bug is not worth all the trouble of an insecticide because they are not that much of a bother, plus insecticides do not usually eliminate them completely anyway.
Even though the presence of harmonia axyridis in homes is becoming more common, they are physically harmless. Harmonia axyridis do not carry disease, chew away at objects, or sting. In fact, they seem to benefit the environment by preying upon insects that act as agricultural pests. In fact, the harmonia axyridis was brought from Asia to America in an effort to control aphids, so it is a biological control agent. Despite the fact that their increasing population is a bit of a nuisance, the ladybug is not a threat to humanity. Rather than submitting them to pesticides, the harmonia axyridis should be treated in a friendlier manner. By relocating them back outside, sealing cracks in windows and doors, or other similar treatments, the ladybug will be handled with care while no longer posing as a nuisance.
Personally, I believe that the integrated pest management is a good idea. The population of harmonia axyridis will decrease as the population of their prey decreases. As long as this management is closely monitored, I think that IPM will ultimately see success in their quest. I just hope that no other creatures will be harmed in the process.
http://www.ipm.ucdavis.edu/PUSE/overview.html
This is a database provided by University of California Davis. The database includes summaries of pesticides used on California crops detailed by commodity, pesticide, county, and month. This is a good website to consider when thinking about IPM because the reports provide insight into both government and private industry pertaining to the amount of pesticides applied to crops and sites. This helps in the assessment of overspray, exposure, poisoning, contamination, impact on other species, human illness, and other potential hazards.
The Harmonia axyridis (Pallas) was found in Chemung County in New York in 1994. It has been introduced as a biological control agent, and is now rapidly spreading through New England. These beetles are harmless too humans but have become an annoyance too home owners. They are attracted to white houses and enter through windows and doors. These bugs have been invading houses and gathering in large numbers. The beetles can eat 90 to 270 aphids per day and feed on balsam twig aphid, pine bark adelgid in Christmas tree plantaions, aphid-infested apple, birch, cotoneaster, and rose, in Pennsylvania. Researchers think the lady beetle populations came from accidental introduction of the species in New Orleans. Although they are found in large numbers, scientists believe that lady beetle populations will be smaller when the amount of pray decreases. Scientists don’t suggest using insecticides on these bugs.
I support the use of H axyridis in IPm. They get rid of the aphids efficiently and aren’t harmful to humans. Ultimatley IPM can be beneficial to the environment.
http://www.epa.gov/opp00001/factsheets/ipm.htm
This website gives a lot of information about what IPM is and how one would go about using this method. The article shows how IPM can be applied to both agricultural and non-agricultural settings, such as the home, garden, and the workplace. not a single pest control method but, rather, a series of pest management evaluations, decisions and controls. The article also explains that IMP users follow a 4 step approach.
1. Set Action Thresholds
2. Monitor and Identify Pests
3. Prevention
4.Control
Even though the presence of harmonia axyridis in homes is becoming more common, they are physically harmless. Harmonia axyridis do not carry disease, chew away at objects, or sting. In fact, they seem to benefit the environment by preying upon insects that act as agricultural pests. In fact, the harmonia axyridis was brought from Asia to America in an effort to control aphids, so it is a biological control agent. Despite the fact that their increasing population is a bit of a nuisance, the ladybug is not a threat to humanity. Rather than submitting them to pesticides, the harmonia axyridis should be treated in a friendlier manner. By relocating them back outside, sealing cracks in windows and doors, or other similar treatments, the ladybug will be handled with care while no longer posing as a nuisance.
Personally, I believe that the integrated pest management is a good idea. The population of harmonia axyridis will decrease as the population of their prey decreases. As long as this management is closely monitored, I think that IPM will ultimately see success in their quest. I just hope that no other creatures will be harmed in the process.
The Asian Lady Beetle, H.axyridi, was introduced as biological control agent in 1994 and is now becoming an annoyance. These lady beetles can accumulate by the hundreds on outside surfaces as well as indoors on walls, doors, ceilings, and windows. They have been spreading across the northeastern states during fall months. They feed on aphids, beneficiary for agriculturalists, and appear in a variety of colors but have same characteristics, while larvae are very different and elongated. When the invading lady beetle expands into an open niche, with no native competitors present, invasion happens faster than if a competitor was already there. It likes aphids, but it will also eat other ladybugs, hence it eats its own competition. Invasive species that feed on both primary food sources and species that compete for these same food sources will be more successful and spread faster. These invasive beetles may help reduce farmers’ reliance on insecticides to control aphids.
http://www.scribd.com/doc/18960053/Identification-of-IPM-Techniques-and-Its-Impact-on-Farmers-Economic-Status-A-Case-Study-on-Vegetable-Farmers-of-Rangpur-District
This article went over the introduction of IPM for the rice crops in Bangladesh in 1981. By helping the local farmers learn about integrated pest management, there has been a significant reduction in pesticide use. The IPM introduced in Bangladesh is still being developed, because the techniques being taught only work on certain pests of certain vegetables.
The Multicolored Asian Lady Beetle (harmonia axyridis) was first found in New York in 1994, introduced as a biological control agent. However, it has now spread quickly throughout the northeast.H. axyridis preys upon many species of injurious soft-bodied insects such as aphids, scales, and psyllids and is thus considered beneficial to growers and agriculturalists yet still a huge pest problem to homeowners. They can congregate by up to thousands on doors, windows and walls in houses causing major annoyances. “They may be here in record numbers, but multicolored Asian lady beetles don’t sting, carry human disease or eat wood, clothing, food or houseplants. Says Janet Knodel a entomologist. These beetles appear to do no harm except being nuisances. They are primarily beneficial to agriculture.
The primary reason why this species became invasive was because of the lack of native predators and the abundance of prey for it. It was stated well in one of the articles that what makes it so good as a biocontrol factor is what makes it so invasive.his can be an issue because they invade many homes and can be everywhere. I believe that the integrated pest management is a good thing. The population of the beetles will go down as their prey also goes down and the predators increase. An example of its predators is the wasp. I strongly support IPM because I despise bugs especially in my own house and I know what a huge annoyance they are.
http://www.nysipm.cornell.edu/whats_bugging_you/bed_bugs/
This is an article on the worst species in my opinion: bed bugs. Their concept of life is pretty horrible and disconcerting to me and probably everyone and this article discusses how to deal with them, what they look like, and where they live.
The H. Axyridis is a species of ladybugs that is native to Asia, but was introduced to the United States both purposefully as a pest control method in California and accidentally through a port in New Orleans. The beetles range from a pale yellowy-orange to a deep redish-orange in color, often times with black spots on the wing covers. They can’t harm humans in any way, but they can be somewhat of a nuicence to homeowners because they invade houses by the hundreds or even thousands during late October and early November, and then again on the warm days in late February and March. While this is annoying, it poses no threat to human wellbeing and the beetles should not be taken care of by using pesticides, but rather by relocating them back outside. One positive contribution of these beetles, however, is that they act as pest control on many farms and tree plantations because they eat other soft-bodied insects, like aphids.
I support the use of IPM to control the aphids as presented, because the only reason they have been so successful in the states so far is because they have plentiful food, little competition, and no natural pretators. Once the populations of their prey begin to decrease and they begin to develop natural predators in the area, however, the beetle population will plummet and then stabilize itself.
This website provides guidelines for schools to adopt practices involving IPM instead of simply using pesticides to get rid of current infestations, and to provide future infestations. Maybe this is something our school should look at since I know we often have problems with rodents! The H. Axyridis is a species of ladybugs that is native to Asia, but was introduced to the United States both purposefully as a pest control method in California and accidentally through a port in New Orleans. The beetles range from a pale yellowy-orange to a deep redish-orange in color, often times with black spots on the wing covers. They can’t harm humans in any way, but they can be somewhat of a nuicence to homeowners because they invade houses by the hundreds or even thousands during late October and early November, and then again on the warm days in late February and March. While this is annoying, it poses no threat to human wellbeing and the beetles should not be taken care of by using pesticides, but rather by relocating them back outside. One positive contribution of these beetles, however, is that they act as pest control on many farms and tree plantations because they eat other soft-bodied insects, like aphids.
I support the use of IPM to control the aphids as presented, because the only reason they have been so successful in the states so far is because they have plentiful food, little competition, and no natural pretators. Once the populations of their prey begin to decrease and they begin to develop natural predators in the area, however, the beetle population will plummet and then stabilize itself.
http://extension.entm.purdue.edu/schoolipm/1pmp/pmp1.htm
The invasion of Harmonia axyridis is becoming prevalent as a major nuisance to homeowners because of their ability to invade houses, buildings and on windowsills in the fall and warm days in the spring. They are primarily found in large quantities, but are relatively harmless due to the fact that they do not sting and carry diseases. They prey upon insects that may harm agriculture, which helps farmers and homeowners growing their own crops. As a biological control agent, the Harmonia axyridis was first introduced in New York from Asia as a biological control agent, and can also be seen in the states of Pennsylvania and Connecticut. Recently, they have started to climb on walls, doors, ceilings and other exotic surfaces. To prevent them from further damage, scientists suggest preventing entry in to homes by sealing cracks and openings instead of using insecticides to fend them away. Scientists expect that once prey options decrease and native predators increase, that their numbers will become more balanced. I believe that the introduction of Harmonia axyridis was a good decision. They don’t pose any severe threats to society, although they tend to be a nuisance after awhile. You can prevent them from further invasion into others homes by sealing off openings and cracks. They also eat other harmful insects that disturb agricultural practices. Also, their population amounts may decrease once their prey decreases and threats to their success increase. Therefore, I believe that they will prove to be very helpful for the environment instead of hurting it, which is the general feeling from other people about this specific topic.
http://www.ngia.com.au/files/nurserypapers/
This is one of many nursery papers that were published in order to look at implementing some IPM techniques based on research based on a tested project in Australia. At first, they felt that these IPM techniques would increases their crop production among other things, but that just wasn’t the case in this particular experiment. They experimented with the following practices:
• Designing an appropriate monitoring strategy
• Establishing a crop hygiene program
• Keeping simple records of monitoring results
• Making a competent diagnosis of monitoring results
• Using monitoring data to guide a planned insecticide program
• Excluding pests by screening with fine mesh and double entry doors
The Harmonia Axyridis is a ladybug native to Asia. In effort to control aphids, the ladybug has been brought to America as a biological control agent. Aphids, and other soft insects populations are damaging crops and trees. The ladybug eats 90 to 270 aphids a day. The swarms of these beetles have reduced the amount of damaging insects. With no natural predators, the ladybugs increased their population without limits. The issues these bugs raise are their tendency to invade US homes. Although they don’t eat wood or cloth, homeowners find the bugs annoying and overwhelming in number. They can enter through windows or doors so experts suggest fixing any cracks in your house. I believe that IPM was successful in regards to the ladybugs. Besides slight annoyance, they do not pose any danger to humans or to important species. They get ride of aphids efficiently –helping us out.
http://icb.oxfordjournals.org/content/49/5/607.full
Along with providing a comprehensive definition of integrated pest management, this oxford journal article explores the extensive research of Radcliff’s textbook on IPM.
The Harmonia Axyridis is a beetle native to Asia. The beetle has been introduced into North America multiple times as a biological control agent because of its diet of aphids and other pests that can be damaging to local agriculture and other plants. In 1994, however, the introduction of this species led to a population boom in the Northeast. People began to fear the beetle because it could invade homes and form clusters numbering in the hundreds. Research indicates that this fear is unwarranted, the beetles don’t have any extremely negative effect on households or on people. They do not eat wood or cloth, they don’t carry diseases, they rarely bite, and, at their worst, they release a small amount of a smelly, yellow excretion when startled. Scientists recommend that house owners who worry about having this beetle enter their homes should make sure to seal all cracks leading from the house to the outdoors.
I support the use of IPM in this case based on the following inequality: Ladybugs > Soft-bodied pests. As long as no other parties are harmed, IPM has great potential for success as demonstrated with this beetle. Problems only arise when introduced species affect more than just their intended targets.
http://extension.psu.edu/ipm
This is a portion of Penn State’s College of Agricultural Sciences’ website dedicated to news related to integrated pest management. The site itself supports the practice, saying that “IPM is economical, effective as well as health and environmentally-sensitive.” It has a page of articles relating to legislation in favor of and against the practice of IMP as well as many articles relating to similar issues, such as pesticide use.
The H. Axyridis is an invasive ladybug that was originated from Asia, including southern Siberia, Manchuria, Korea,
China, Formosa, and Japan. Thes bugs were first used in North America in Chemung County, New York in 1994. These bugs were used as a biological control agent. They were used to eat away pests and aphids. They are able to eat 600 – 1200 aphids throughout development. The aphids are very bad for plants and trees (tree lice). These bugs have now spread all around North America and can even be found in Connecticut. Two years ago hundreds of bugs invaded my room. I couldn’t sleep their for weeks. It is a very big issue.
However, the bugs are neither dangerous or harmful. They do not eat wood and are not poisonous. They can release a foul odor when attacked. They also repopulate very quickly and move in large packs. They are attracted to light colored homes. This can be an issue because they invade many homes and can be everywhere. This can be prevented by sealing up holes in the house and making sure all windows and doors are sealed. I believe that the integrated pest management worked well. The population of the bugs will decrease once their prey decreases and the predators increase. This will then cause a balance out of numbers. One predator is the bee.
http://www.whatisipm.org/whatIs_techniques.asp
This website describes some strategies for treatment and inspection of the pesticides. It is a simple website with many strategies in how to deal with these problems. WhatIsIPM.org offers Integrated Pest Management information for schools, homes and businesses. Some examples are:
Applying pesticides
Using various trapping devices
Emptying trash containers frequently
Keeping trash containers clean both inside and out
Keeping full trash bags tied securely and placed in outdoor garbage storage areas
Cleaning outdoor garbage areas to remove debris
The Harmonia axyridis was first found in New York as a biological control agent and is spreading through US. It can eat 90 to 270 aphids per day and it helps control other pests. This exotic lady beetle has proliferated and moved rapidly from the Deep South into the Northeastern states. They are beginning to cluser on walls, doors, ceilings, and windows, as well as outside surfaces, especially on warm sunny days. They prefer the light-colored houses located in open fields, because they are near open fields which are their natural habitat. They do not cause any damage with eating clothing, fabrics, household appliances or furniture they have been said to maybe bite but it is not common.
I think this use of IPM was helpful for this situation and it isnt the best technique, and they can be helpful by eating other insects. In the long run the H. Axyridis’ population will decrease and it will be good.
http://www.sites.ext.vt.edu/schoolipm/ipmtechniques/index.shtml
These guys say to inspect and to make an initial inspection of each building to evaluate the pest control needs of the campus. They use the building floor plan as a permanent record, the technician will suggest site specific solutions for eliminating pest entry and access to food, water, and harborage. Any problems and suggested corrections need to be reported to the facilities manager so they can be addressed. The pros are that these technicians know what they are doing and the cons are the costs.
H. axyridis, otherwise known as the Halloween ladybug, has played a key role in the management of aphids and other soft-bodied insects since its introduction to North America throughout the 20th century. Originating in Asia, these ladybugs, which range in color from pale yellow-orange to brighter orange, act as biological control agents and their populations have exploded due to a massive abundance of prey and a lack of competition from native species. Despite their importance in integrated pest management (they can consumer hundreds to thousands of aphids during their development), many people find them irritating as they congregate in large masses on houses, indoors and outdoors. They are attracted to light-colored surfaces, and typically appear in fall as well as on sunny, warm days in February and March. Scientists strongly urge homeowners to avoid using insecticides to control ladybug invasions, and suggest that we instead prevent their entry into our homes by sealing cracks and openings near windows and doors.
I believe that the use of H. axyridis in IPM is useful, since when they consume aphids, they help minimize farmers’ reliance on harmful insecticides to control pests in their fields. Despite their irritating habits of invading the fronts of our houses, I think their positive contributions to environmental management and stability outweigh their downsides; they can control several soft-bodied insects like scale and psyllids (in addition to aphids), and don’t pose any threat to humans or our belongings.
http://www.extension.umn.edu/pesticides/pat/ppatman/18_3_manual/18_3_1_IPM.pdf
This information from the University of Minnesota includes methods of IPM that are based on cultural control, which involves IPM practices that coincide with producing crops. Among these methods is tillage, which buries crop residues containing insects, diseases, and weed seeds, as well as disrupts the root systems of perennial weeds. While these are all major pros of this method, downsides can be that tillage stimulates weed seed germination and can cause soil erosion.
The Harmonia axyridid is starting to become more and more common in households, and is often found in windowsills. However, though they are present in large numbers, they do not sting, carry disease, or eat household objects. They are becoming an annoyance to homeowners, but they do prey upon insects that may harm agriculture. The H. axyridid was originally introduced in New York from Asia as a biological control agent. They can also be seen in Connecticut and Pennsylvania. However, there is some speculation that the species was accidentally introduced during freighter activity in New Orleans. They are now starting to collect on walls, doors, ceilings, and outside surfaces. It is not recommended to use insecticides, but rather prevent entry into homes by sealing cracks and openings. It is predicted their numbers will become more balanced once prey options decrease and native predators increase.
Although in most cases I would not support IPM, I think introduction of the H. axyridid was okay. They do not pose huge threats other than a slight annoyance, invasion into homes can be mostly prevented by sealing off openings and cracks, they eat other harmful insects that may disturb agricultural practices, and their numbers may decrease once their prey decreases and threats to their success increase. Also, as long as the practice is carefully monitored IPM can be beneficial to the environment.
http://www.epa.gov/pesticides/factsheets/ipm.htm
This EPA source has discussed how IPM works and what must be done in order to do it correctly. The EPA talks about a four-step program, starting with setting action thresholds, monitoring and identifying pests, prevention, and control. The EPA emphasizes that if IPM is used, it must be done so in a cautious manner and every step of the process must be highly watched so as not to let the introduced species get out of control.
The H. axyridis is an invasive species purposefully introduced from Asia to control aphid and other soft, damaging insect populations. These beetles eat 90 to 120 aphids a day. Aphids in turn can be damaging to crops and trees, this was the main cause for introducing the beetle. The main drawback of the H. axyridis population explosion is the bugs preference for houses in the fall and winter. They are attracted to white and pale houses because of they’re natural habitat in Asia, large pale rocks. They enter through windows and doors and cluster in corners. They don’t eat wood or cloth or cause any damage other than releasing a yellowy substance when alarmed. Scientists don’t recommend using insecticides on the beetles.
I think that in this particular case, integrated pest management worked well. Scientists believe that the H. axyridis’ population will lessen and the swarming will become less common, therefore they will become less of a nuisance to people. They’ve also done a good job eating other harmful bugs.
http://www.ag.ndsu.edu/pubs/plantsci/pests/pp863w.htm
This particular group has done a lot of research on several different methods of integrated pest management in order to present it to the public in the most favorable light. They’re from North Dakota and are interested in preserving the states biggest industry; agriculture. Some benefits of these methods are less use of pesticides, more crop yield, and collaboration between industries. The cons are expense, and the scientists are mostly listing theoretical procedures, they don’t know how the methods will actually work in North Dakota.