Salman Khan, a graduate of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and the Harvard Business School, was working as a hedge fund manager when he began posting videos on YouTube six years ago to tutor young family members in math. That led to the 2008 creation of the Khan Academy, a nonprofit organization that has built a free, online collection of thousands of digital lessons (nearly 3,000 of them created by Mr. Khan himself) and exercises in subjects ranging from algebra to microeconomics.Education Week Staff Writer Lesli A. Maxwell recently interviewed Mr. Kahn about the evolution of the academy and its potential for changing K-12 education. Read more…
Howard Gardner is the John H. and Elisabeth A. Hobbs Professor in Cognition and Education at the Harvard Graduate School of Education. He also holds positions as adjunct professor of psychology at Harvard University, adjunct professor of neurology at the Boston University School of Medicine, and chairman of the steering committee of the graduate school’s Project Zero.
He has written twenty books and hundreds of articles and is best known for his theory of multiple intelligences, which holds that intelligence goes far beyond the traditional verbal/linguistic and logical/mathematical measurements. Here he discusses student-directed learning, multiple intelligences, and a different approach to assessment.
On the importance of engaging students actively in what they are studying.
On the characteristics of student-directed learning.
On the theory of multiple intelligences.
On technology and multiple intelligences.
On the need for fundamental change in the curriculum.
On how assessment in school differs from assessment in other arenas such as sports or music.
On the need for a new approach to assessment in schools.
On what needs to happen in order that long-standing change occurs in public education.
1. On the importance of engaging students actively in what they are studying.
We have schools because we hope that someday when children have left schools that they will still be able to use what it is that they’ve learned. And there is now a massive amount of evidence from all realms of science that unless individuals take a very active role in what it is that they’re studying, unless they learn to ask questions, to do things hands on, to essentially re-create things in their own mind and transform them as is needed, the ideas just disappear. The student may have a good grade on the exam, we may think that he or she is learning, but a year or two later there’s nothing left.
2. On the characteristics of student-directed learning.
If, on the other hand, somebody has carried out an experiment himself or herself, analyzed the data, made a prediction, and saw whether it came out correctly, if somebody is doing history and actually does some interviewing himself or herself — oral histories — then reads the documents, listens to it, goes back and asks further questions, writes up a paper. That’s the kind of thing that’s going to adhere, whereas if you simply memorize a bunch of names and a bunch of facts, even a bunch of definitions, there’s nothing to hold on to.
3. On the theory of multiple intelligences.
The idea of multiple intelligences comes out of psychology. It’s a theory that was developed to document the fact that human beings have very different kinds of intellectual strengths and that these strengths are very, very important in how kids learn and how people represent things in their minds, and then how people use them in order to show what it is that they’ve understood.
If we all had exactly the same kind of mind and there was only one kind of intelligence, then we could teach everybody the same thing in the same way and assess them in the same way and that would be fair. But once we realize that people have very different kinds of minds, different kinds of strengths — some people are good in thinking spatially, some in thinking language, others are very logical, other people need to be hands on and explore actively and try things out — then education, which treats everybody the same way, is actually the most unfair education. Because it picks out one kind of mind, which I call the law professor mind — somebody who’s very linguistic and logical — and says, if you think like that, great, if you don’t think like that, there’s no room on the train for you.
4. On technology and multiple intelligences.
If we know that one child has a very spatial or visual-spatial way of learning, another child has a very hands-on way of learning, a third child likes to ask deep philosophical questions, the fourth child likes stories, we don’t have to talk very fast as a teacher. We can actually provide software, we can provide materials, we can provide resources that present material to a child in a way in which the child will find interesting and will be able to use his or her intelligences productively and, to the extent that the technology is interactive, the child will actually be able to show his or her understanding in a way that’s comfortable to the child.
We have this myth that the only way to learn something is to read it in a textbook or hear a lecture on it. And the only way to show that we’ve understood something is to take a short-answer test or maybe occasionally with an essay question thrown in. But that’s nonsense. Everything can be taught in more than one way. And anything that’s understood can be shown in more than one way. I don’t believe because there are eight intelligences we have to teach things eight ways. I think that’s silly. But we always ought to be asking ourselves, “Are we reaching every child, and, if not, are there other ways in which we can do it?”
5. On the need for fundamental change in the curriculum.
I think that we teach way too many subjects and we cover way too much material and the end result is that students have a very superficial knowledge, as we often say, a mile wide and an inch deep. Then once they leave school, almost everything’s been forgotten. And I think that school needs to change to have a few priorities and to really go into those priorities very deeply.
Let’s take the area of science. I actually don’t care if a child studies physics or biology or geology or astronomy before he goes to college. There’s plenty of time to do that kind of detailed work. I think what’s really important is to begin to learn to think scientifically. To understand what a hypothesis is. How to test it out and see whether it’s working or not. If it’s not working, how to revise your theory about things. That takes time. There’s no way you can present that in a week or indeed even in a month. You have to learn about it from doing many different kinds of experiments, seeing when the results are like what you predicted, seeing when they’re different, and so on.
But if you really focus on science in that kind of way by the time you go to college — or, if you don’t go to college, by the time you go to the workplace — you’ll know the difference between a statement that is simply a matter of opinion or prejudice and one for which there’s solid evidence.
6. On how assessment in school differs from assessment in other arenas such as sports or music.
The most important thing about assessment is knowing what it is that you should be able to do. And the best way for me to think about it is a child learning a sport or a child learning an art form, because it is completely unmysterious what you have to be to be a quarterback or a figure skater or a violin player. You see it, you try it out, you’re coached, you know when you’re getting better, you know how you’re doing compared to other kids.
In school, assessment is mystifying. Nobody knows what’s going to be on the test, and when the test results go back, neither the teacher nor the student knows what to do. So what I favor is highlighting for kids from the day they walk into school the performances and exhibitions for which they’re going to be accountable.
7. On the need for a new approach to assessment in schools.
Let’s get real. Let’s look at the kinds of things that we really value in the world. Let’s be as explicit as we can. Let’s provide feedback to kids from as early as possible and then let them internalize the feedback so they themselves can say what’s going well, what’s not going so well.
I’m a writer and initially I had to have a lot of feedback from editors, including a lot of rejections, but over time I learned what was important. I learned to edit myself and now the feedback from editors is much less necessary. And I think anybody as an adult knows that as you get to be more expert in things you don’t have to do so much external critiquing, you can do what we call self-assessment. And in school, assessment shouldn’t be something that’s done to you, it should be something where you are the most active agent.
8. On what needs to happen in order that long-standing change occurs in public education.
I think for there to be long-standing change in American education that is widespread rather than just on the margins, first of all people have to see examples of places that are like their own places where the new kind of education really works, where students are learning deeply, where they can exhibit their knowledge publicly, and where everybody who looks at the kids says, “That’s the kind of kids I want to have.” So we need to have enough good examples.
Second of all, we need to have the individuals who are involved in education, primarily teachers and administrators, believe in this, really want to do it, and get the kind of help that they need in order to be able to switch, so to speak, from a teacher-centered, let’s-stuff-it-into-the-kid’s-mind kind of education to one where the preparation is behind the scenes and the child himself or herself is at the center of learning.
Third of all, I think we need to have assessment schemes that really convince everybody that this kind of education is working. And it’s no good to have child-centered learning and then have the same, old multiple-choice tests that were used fifty or a one-hundred years ago.
Finally, I think there has to be a political commitment that says this is the kind of education that we want to have in our country, and maybe outside this country, for the foreseeable future. And as long as people are busy bashing teachers or saying that we can’t try anything new because it might fail then reform will be stifled as it has been in the past.
Discovery Education joined CDW-G and SMART Technologies to create Web 20.11, an online destination that offers free resources in media literacy, Internet safety, Web 2.0, presentation tools, and blogs by education experts. Teachers can also enter the Web 20.11 Tech Tune-up Sweepstakes for a chance to win an AverMedia AverVision F50 Document Camera, a trip to ISTE 2012 in San Diego, and a $1,500 digitalmedia grant from Discovery Education. Two runners-up will each receive a Lenovo ThinkPad Tablet.
YouTube and Lenovo, in cooperation with Space Adventures and space agencies including the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), the European Space Agency (ESA), and the Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA), have announced YouTube Space Lab, a worldwide initiative that challenges 14- to 18-year-old students to design a science experiment that can be performed in space. The two winning experiments will be conducted aboard the International Space Station and live streamed on YouTube.
Students in two age categories, 14 to 16 years old and 17 to 18 years old, either alone or in groups of up to three, may submit a YouTube video describing their experiment to YouTube.com/SpaceLab.
The Conrad Foundation has launched the 2011–2012 Spirit of Innovation Challenge, which invites high school teams to use STEM skills to develop commercially viable technology-based products. An interested student team drafts an online abstract that addresses five questions about the team’s innovative idea for first-round judging. From there selected semifinalists in each challenge category—Aerospace Exploration, Clean Energy, and Health and Nutrition— develop a business plan, a technical plan, and a graphical representation of the team’s product or innovation. The top five teams from each category will travel to the annual Innovation Summit, where they will vie for awards.
Election time is the perfect time to put critical thinking skills to work. What a great way to demonstrate how to organize your thinking around a complex issue. There are lots of resources out there to help you get students thinking and writing around Election Day.
Why not start with helping kids identify the key issues? This first step in the SCAN critical thinking strategy is a great way to start chunking the huge amount of information surrounding our elections. Check out this election day lesson plan “What are the Important Issues?” from Educationworld.com. The lesson help students identify the issues and vote on which ones they think are most important.
Follow up that lesson with the free “Election Issues” lesson at www.tregoed.org. This lesson has students representing special interest groups (tax reform, healthcare, environment, and jobs) in a discussion about what the most important issues are in the upcoming elections. Just register and set up the free lesson from your dashboard.
Technology will also affect our experience at the voting booth. In the not-to-distant future, our students may soon be voting from their phones. Students can read this article from Science Daily and write a response including benefits and drawbacks of mobile voting. Have them practice using short constructed responses to SCAN questions (What are the issues? Clarify the issues. Assess what is most important. Name next steps-what should be done?).
Our students are inundated with political debates,issues, and advertisements; get them in on the action!
When it comes to using technology in education, the future is now: from kindergarten to college teachers are using laptops, iPads and tablets, and social media platforms to engage students. The Internet has also become an integral part of teaching and learning, and advancements in web browsers have made it easy to use the Internet in fresh and innovative ways. Google’s Chrome web browser has changed the way users can access and interact with the Internet: with their web store, users can find extensions that allow them to play games, shop, create art and share data. Chrome also has a comprehensive collection of education extensions that can be used by college students to help them do everything from find information to study for tests. Each of the extensions listed below serves a particular purpose, but they can all be used in different ways by a variety of students .
1. Graph.tk
Graph.tk allows users to type out mathematical equations. In addition to its functionality as a graphic calculator, it can also be used for simpler equations, and the screen is printable for students who want to be more hands-on. The extension can very useful for science and engineering students. Instructors can project their computer screens and use Graph.tk to work equations with their classes.
2. Quizlet
Quizlet is tool for creating flash cards, and their flash card library has more than two million sets. Use your Quizlet cards to study vocab terms for a foreign language class or to study for entrance exams like the GRE and the LSAT. Quizlet can also be a great tool for students enrolled in distance learning courses or for teachers who want to encourage a little competition between their students for review sessions.
3. Wikihood
Wikihood extension lets teachers and students find detailed, up-to-date information about locations all over the world. Teachers can use it to show students about the history of a city, cultural information, and the dozens of other subjects covered in Wikipedia. It’s important that both students and teachers use Wikipedia as a guide, however, rather than an authoritative source.
4. Planetarium
The sky maps on Planetarium are incredibly detailed: students and teachers can explore constellations, planets, and up-close views of stars from any location in the world. This extension can be useful to teachers and students of astronomy, as well as for amateur stargazers who want a better idea of what to look for with their telescopes.
5. Academic Earth
Featuring free lectures from some of the country’s most venerable colleges and universities, Academic Earth gives students and teachers the opportunity to use an open-source library of information. This can also be useful for people who are interested in receiving an introduction to online education and distance learning.
Google’s Chrome browser is a great choice for education, and their selection of education extensions opens a new world of possibilities for online education. By giving students the chance to explore learning tools on their own and by giving teachers tools to engage their students, Chrome’s extension and improve and enhance teaching and learning.
You can now “fly over” your route and see landmarks, roads, topography, and more. You get an aerial view of the route, along with 3D features. This will work with driving, transit, walking, and biking routes you plot. Click the ”3D Button” under “Get Directions.” You can even pause the fly over and zoom in to get a better look. When done, click the play button to continue. Note: You will need to have the Google Earth plugin installed in your browser.
Google Calendar has become indispensable for organizing my own time and sharing my schedule and training classes with colleagues. But what about letting others know about my preferred availability? Likewise, when I look at scheduling for Parent-Teacher conferences, I wonder why I can’t just let parents book the open slots on my calendar instead of remembering to call and schedule each parent individually. Now, withappointment slots in Google Calendar, I can manage my appointment availability online for parent teacher conferences.
Creating appointment slots
To get started, set up blocks of time you’d like to offer as appointment slots. Simply click anywhere on your calendar and then on “Appointment slots.” From there, create a single block of time or automatically split a larger block of time into smaller appointment slots.
Every Google Calendar has its own personal appointments sign up page; you can embed it on your website or give the URL directly to parents. You can find the URL for your appointment page at the top of the set-up page, which you can access via the Edit details link.
Signing up for an appointment slot
When a parent visits your sign up page via your blog for example, their calendar is overlaid for convenience and they can sign up directly for any available appointment slot. When they sign up, Google Calendar conveniently creates a new shared event on both of your calendars.
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